{"id":7,"date":"2007-10-04T13:39:42","date_gmt":"2007-10-04T17:39:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.arpinphilately.com\/blog\/une-categorie\/la-fabuleuse-histoire-du-timbre-poste\/"},"modified":"2011-04-27T12:35:24","modified_gmt":"2011-04-27T17:35:24","slug":"la-fabuleuse-histoire-du-timbre-poste","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.arpinphilately.com\/fr\/la-fabuleuse-histoire-du-timbre-poste\/","title":{"rendered":"La fabuleuse histoire du timbre poste"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"PennyLe 6 mai 1840, l\u2019apparition du premier timbre-poste, le \u00a0\u00bbOne-Penny-black\u00a0\u00bb \u00e9mis par la Grande Bretagne allait r\u00e9volutionner le monde des <\/span>communications. Suite \u00e0 une<\/span> r\u00e9forme postale sous le ministre Rowland Hill, les frais d\u2019exp\u00e9dition devaient maintenant \u00eatre pay\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019avance et non plus aux frais du destinataire \u00e0 l\u2019arriv\u00e9e.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Probl\u00e8mes de communications<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

La transmission d\u2019informations a longtemps repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 un d\u00e9fi de taille pour l\u2019humanit\u00e9. Ainsi la lenteur des communications a souvent entra\u00een\u00e9 de grands d\u00e9sagr\u00e9ments, des habitants pouvaient apprendre le d\u00e9c\u00e8s de leurs parents avec des ann\u00e9es de retard, parfois m\u00eame cette lenteur a occasionn\u00e9 des catastrophes. Par exemple des arm\u00e9es se sont affront\u00e9es dans des combats meurtriers alors que le trait\u00e9 de paix \u00e9tait sign\u00e9 depuis plusieurs semaines… <\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

Les premi\u00e8res communications<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Papyrus\"\u00c0 l\u2019\u00e9poque o\u00f9 les nomades sillonnaient les territoires pour survivre, les premiers messages \u00e9crits firent leur apparition. Ils gravaient des signes sur des pierres ou des arbres, en esp\u00e9rant qu\u2019un jour, le destinataire passe assez pr\u00e8s pour le remarquer. Les plus anciens documents postaux remontent \u00e0 plus de 3000 ans av. J.-C. et \u00e9taient grav\u00e9s sur des tablettes d\u2019argiles et \u00e9taient achemin\u00e9s par des messagers qui se d\u00e9pla\u00e7aient \u00e0 pied et qui travaillaient presque exclusivement pour les rois et les empereurs. Bien peu d\u2019innovations pendant des mill\u00e9naires, si ce n\u2019est des chevaux, des postes de relais et des routes militaires. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

La r\u00e9volution industrielle<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

Au 19e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle, la r\u00e9volution industrielle a forc\u00e9 plusieurs pays \u00e0 organiser un syst\u00e8me postal national pour assurer une meilleure communication. A cette \u00e9poque, le co\u00fbt de l\u2019envoi \u00e9tait pay\u00e9 par le destinataire \u00e0 un prix tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9. Cette m\u00e9thode a conduit \u00e0 de nombreuses escroqueries, parfois les recettes de la semaine disparaissent dans la nature, beaucoup de destinataires refusaient les lettres trop co\u00fbteuses, tandis que des transporteurs priv\u00e9s \u00e0 meilleur march\u00e9 concurren\u00e7aient ind\u00fbment la poste. Une l\u00e9gende veut que Rowland Hill prit conscience des effets pervers de ce syst\u00e8me lorsqu’un jour, dans une auberge, il remarqua la serveuse recevant d’un facteur un pli de son fianc\u00e9. La jeune femme ne pouvant, semble-t-il, se permettre la d\u00e9pense, Hill se proposa de la r\u00e9gler. Elle lui avoua que pour correspondre gratuitement, son fianc\u00e9 et elle dessinaient de petits symboles sur l’enveloppe pour communiquer. <\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

La r\u00e9forme postale…Par les Britanniques<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\"RowlandEn 1837, Rowland Hill, un haut fonctionnaire britannique, sugg\u00e8re de cr\u00e9er des vignettes \u00e0 coller sur les enveloppes, afin que la taxe postale soit pay\u00e9e au d\u00e9part et non plus \u00e0 l\u2019arriv\u00e9e. Il propose que le prix de base soit abaiss\u00e9 \u00e0 1 penny, soit environ 50 fois moins que les tarifs habituels de l\u2019\u00e9poque, sans \u00e9gard \u00e0 la distance parcourue \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur du pays. La r\u00e9forme postale demand\u00e9e par Hill mit trois ans \u00e0 aboutir en raison de l’opposition de l’administration postale qui ne prenait en consid\u00e9ration que le manque \u00e0 gagner initial pour la poste, sans tenir compte des effets stimulants de la r\u00e9forme postale sur le d\u00e9veloppement du commerce. Cette r\u00e9forme entra enfin en vigueur le 6 mai 1840. <\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u2019oblit\u00e9ration pour limiter la fraude<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00e9j\u00e0 le timbre \u00e0 1 penny attirait les fraudeurs, m\u00eame si elle repr\u00e9sentait une \u00e9conomie substantielle par rapport aux anciens tarifs, cette somme \u00e9quivalait au salaire moyen d\u2019une heure de travail. Afin de limiter les contrefa\u00e7ons, le syst\u00e8me postal allait adopter les m\u00eames techniques d\u2019impression s\u00e9curitaires que pour la fabrication de la monnaie nationale. Plut\u00f4t que de les copier, les fraudeurs on alors tent\u00e9 de les r\u00e9utiliser plus d\u2019une fois. La r\u00e9action fut d\u2019apposer un tampon d\u2019encre (oblit\u00e9ration) sur le timbre utilis\u00e9. <\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

Un succ\u00e8s imit\u00e9<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ce succ\u00e8s, imm\u00e9diat au Royaume-Uni, fut suivi dans le reste du monde. Les premiers pays \u00e0 avoir r\u00e9form\u00e9 leur syst\u00e8me postal et \u00e9mis des timbres postaux ont \u00e9t\u00e9:<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

1843 : les cantons suisses de Zurich et de Gen\u00e8ve, le Br\u00e9sil ; <\/span><\/p>\n

1847 : les \u00c9tats-Unis, Ile Maurice ; <\/span><\/p>\n

1849 : la France, la Belgique, l\u2019Allemagne; <\/span><\/p>\n

1851 : Le Canada.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

Le Canada Innove<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\"CanadaEn 1851, Le Canada \u00e9met le premier timbre illustr\u00e9 : \u00ab Le treepence Beaver \u00bb, qui rend hommage au castor, dont le commerce des peaux a permis l\u2019\u00e9tablissement des premiers colons au Canada. Sir Sandford Fleming, son concepteur a eu l\u2019heureuse intuition que les timbres poss\u00e9daient une valeur historique et artistique. Aujourd\u2019hui, tous les pays s\u2019en servent pour glorifier leur histoire, honorer leurs h\u00e9ros, retracer leurs grandes batailles et m\u00eame pr\u00e9senter les personnages, r\u00e9els ou fictifs, les plus populaires.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

De petits chefs-d\u2019\u0153uvre appr\u00e9ci\u00e9s des collectionneurs de timbres<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

Les postes nationales confient la r\u00e9alisation de leurs timbres aux plus grands artistes de leurs pays. Charm\u00e9s par ces minuscules objets d\u2019art, les amateurs rassemblent d\u2019importantes collections. La philat\u00e9lie est rapidement devenue l\u2019un des passe-temps les plus populaires de la plan\u00e8te. Certains philat\u00e9listes se concentrent sur les timbres \u00e9mis par un pays en particulier, d\u2019autres optent plut\u00f4t pour une th\u00e9matique particuli\u00e8re, comme les olympiques, les animaux, la conqu\u00eate spatiale ou les personnages imaginaires.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le 6 mai 1840, l\u2019apparition du premier timbre-poste, le \u00a0\u00bbOne-Penny-black\u00a0\u00bb \u00e9mis par la Grande Bretagne allait r\u00e9volutionner le monde des communications. Suite \u00e0 une r\u00e9forme postale sous le ministre Rowland Hill, les frais d\u2019exp\u00e9dition devaient maintenant \u00eatre pay\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019avance et non plus aux frais du destinataire \u00e0 l\u2019arriv\u00e9e.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-timbres","infinite-scroll-item"],"yoast_head":"\nLa fabuleuse histoire du timbre poste - 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