{"id":829,"date":"2009-12-14T18:45:06","date_gmt":"2009-12-14T23:45:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.arpinphilately.com\/blog\/?p=829"},"modified":"2011-04-27T12:21:19","modified_gmt":"2011-04-27T17:21:19","slug":"qu-est-ce-que-le-stamp-act-de-1765","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.arpinphilately.com\/fr\/qu-est-ce-que-le-stamp-act-de-1765\/","title":{"rendered":"Qu’est ce que le \u00abStamp Act\u00bb de 1765?"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Exemple<\/a>
Exemple d'un timbre du \u00ab Stamp Act \u00bb <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Un des moments cl\u00e9s de l’histoire des Am\u00e9riques fut au 18e si\u00e8cle lorsque le gouvernement britannique a institu\u00e9 un Droit de Timbre ou \u00abStamp Act\u00bb. Fait int\u00e9ressant, l’histoire de ces timbres fiscaux remonte \u00e0 une \u00e9poque plus ancienne que celle des timbres poste. Les premiers timbres postes des \u00c9tats-Unis ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9mis en 1847, tandis que ceux du \u00ab Stamp Act \u00bb\u00a0le furent en 1765. Qu’est-ce qui a n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 l’usage de ces timbres fiscaux, les pr\u00e9d\u00e9cesseurs de nos timbres de\u00a0revenus?<\/p>\n

En 1763, la Grande-Bretagne venait de sortir victorieuse de la Guerre de Sept ans. L’Empire avait encouru de lourdes d\u00e9penses pour pouvoir gagner cette guerre et le pays avait besoin de r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer cet argent. En plus, l’Empire britannique avait gagn\u00e9 beaucoup de territoires en Am\u00e9rique du Nord, donc, la d\u00e9cision a \u00e9t\u00e9 prise de laisser une garnison dans ces colonies, ce qui entra\u00eenerait \u00e9galement des d\u00e9penses. La logique disait qu’en cas de nouveaux conflits, l’arm\u00e9e serait sur place pour r\u00e9gler la situation imm\u00e9diatement. Cependant, plusieurs historiens pensent que cette d\u00e9cision a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 prise parce que le retrait de l’arm\u00e9e aurait laiss\u00e9 trop de personnes importantes sans emploi.<\/p>\n

\"\u00c9chantillons<\/a>
\u00c9chantillons de timbres<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Le Parlement britannique a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que puisque les colonies avaient \u00e9norm\u00e9ment profit\u00e9 de la protection de l’Arm\u00e9e britannique pendant la guerre, ils devaient, eux aussi, contribuer \u00e0 d\u00e9frayer les co\u00fbts de la guerre. Les ministres ont conclu que la m\u00e9thode la plus simple de se procurer ces fonds \u00e9tait un \u00ab Stamp Act \u00bb, puisque cette m\u00e9thode avait \u00e9t\u00e9 employ\u00e9e en Grande-Bretagne avec beaucoup de succ\u00e8s. La d\u00e9cision a imm\u00e9diatement fait l’objet d’opposition. En premier lieu, c’\u00e9tait pour des raisons \u00e9conomiques \u2014 personne n’a voulu \u00eatre impos\u00e9 par le gouvernement… une attitude que nous comprenons tr\u00e8s bien! Beaucoup se sont \u00e9galement offens\u00e9s du fait que la Loi britannique disait qu’un individu ne pouvait pas \u00eatre impos\u00e9, \u00e0 moins de donner son consentement au Parlement par le moyen de son repr\u00e9sentant. Les colons n’avaient pas de repr\u00e9sentants au Parlement britannique, donc, comment pouvaient-ils donner leur consentement?<\/p>\n

Qu’est-ce que le \u00ab Stamp Act \u00bb signifiait pour les colonies?<\/p>\n

Comme mentionn\u00e9\u00a0dans l’article \u00ab Qu’est-ce qu’un timbre fiscal<\/a>? \u00bb, le \u00ab Stamp Act \u00bb de 1765 \u00e9tablissait que le transfert de tous documents l\u00e9gaux, permis, contrats commerciaux, journaux, testaments, brochures et jeux de cartes n\u00e9cessitait le paiement d’une taxe. Les individus devaient payer le montant requis pour leur document et ensuite un timbre fiscal serait estamp\u00e9 sur le document comme preuve de paiement. Pour rendre cette loi encore plus controvers\u00e9e, la taxe \u00e9tait seulement payable en argent sterling, on ne pouvait pas utiliser la monnaie des colonies. Vu que l’argent amass\u00e9 par cette taxe devait \u00eatre utilis\u00e9 dans les colonies pour acheter des provisions pour l’arm\u00e9e, cela semblait sans logique.<\/p>\n

Comment le public a-t-il r\u00e9agi \u00e0 tout cela?<\/p>\n

\"Reproduction<\/a>
Reproduction d'une th\u00e9i\u00e8re de l'\u00e9poque<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Plusieurs politiciens et hommes importants de l’\u00e9poque ont longuement discut\u00e9 de la question et ont publi\u00e9 plusieurs lettres et d\u00e9clarations exprimant leurs opinions. Finalement, comme c’est le cas la plupart du temps lorsqu’il y a une controverse, la loi de la rue \u00e0 assumer le contr\u00f4le de la situation. Des foules en col\u00e8re ont br\u00fbl\u00e9 et pill\u00e9 les maisons et bureaux de plusieurs ministres et percepteurs de taxes. Elles ont \u00e9galement br\u00fbl\u00e9 les effigies des membres du gouvernement qui soutenaient le \u00ab Stamp Act \u00bb. On mena\u00e7ait les gens qui allaient payer la taxe sur leurs documents, de \u00ab bien surveiller leur maison, leur personne et biens mat\u00e9riels \u00bb.<\/p>\n

\"Annulation<\/a>
Annulation du \u00abStamp Act\u00bb<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Le r\u00e9sultat? Le 18 mars 1766, la Grande-Bretagne a annul\u00e9 le \u00ab Stamp Act \u00bb. Tout<\/p>\n

\"L'opposition<\/a>
L'opposition au \u00ab Stamp Act \u00bb<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

laissait croire que les colonies avaient remport\u00e9 la victoire. Cependant, en 1766, le Parlement britannique a aussi institu\u00e9 le \u00ab Declaratory Act \u00bb. Cette loi disait que le Parlement britannique \u00ab … avait le droit et l’autorit\u00e9 d’\u00e9tablir des lois pour contr\u00f4ler les colonies de l’Am\u00e9rique… en toutes choses, et sans repr\u00e9sentation au Parlement \u00bb. \u00c0 l’\u00e9poque, les gens se r\u00e9jouissaient tellement\u00a0de l’annulation du \u00ab Stamp Act \u00bb qu’ils n’ont pas r\u00e9alis\u00e9 que cette nouvelle loi donnait \u00e0 la Grande-Bretagne \u00ab carte blanche \u00bb pour faire n’importe quoi \u00e0 l’avenir, sans contestation. Donc, d’autres lois fiscales ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tablies les ann\u00e9es qui suivirent 1765, et elles rencontr\u00e8rent autant d’opposition. Finalement, toutes ces lois et taxes controvers\u00e9es ont contribu\u00e9 au d\u00e9but de la R\u00e9volution am\u00e9ricaine.<\/p>\n

Une note d’ironie : une centaine d’ann\u00e9es plus tard, le gouvernement des \u00c9tats-Unis, maintenant ind\u00e9pendant de la Grande-Bretagne, a \u00e9mis des timbres revenus. De cette fa\u00e7on, il pouvait percevoir une taxe sur des documents comme des testaments, des permis, et des contrats! Ne serait-ce pas une loi famili\u00e8re?!!!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Un des moments cl\u00e9s de l’histoire des Am\u00e9riques fut au 18e si\u00e8cle lorsque le gouvernement britannique a institu\u00e9 un Droit de Timbre ou \u00abStamp Act\u00bb. Fait int\u00e9ressant, l’histoire de ces timbres fiscaux remonte \u00e0 une \u00e9poque plus ancienne que celle des timbres poste. Les premiers timbres postes des \u00c9tats-Unis ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9mis en 1847, tandis … Lire la suite<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-829","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-timbres","infinite-scroll-item"],"yoast_head":"\nQu'est ce que le \u00abStamp Act\u00bb de 1765? - L'\u00c9cho du Philat\u00e9liste<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.arpinphilately.com\/fr\/qu-est-ce-que-le-stamp-act-de-1765\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Qu'est ce que le \u00abStamp Act\u00bb de 1765?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Un des moments cl\u00e9s de l'histoire des Am\u00e9riques fut au 18e si\u00e8cle lorsque le gouvernement britannique a institu\u00e9 un Droit de Timbre ou \u00abStamp Act\u00bb. 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